Disclaimer: summary content on this page has been generated using a LLM with RAG, and may not have been checked for factual accuracy. The human-written abstract is provided alongside each summary.
Similar to their low-mass counterparts, massive stars likely form via the collapse of pre-stellar molecular cores. Recent observations suggest that most massive cores are subvirial (i.e., not supported by turbulence) and therefore are likely unstable to gravitational collapse. Here we perform radiation hydrodynamic simulations to follow the collapse of turbulent massive pre-stellar cores with subvirial and virialized initial conditions to explore how their dynamic state affects the formation of massive stars and core fragmentation into companion stars. We find that subvirial cores undergo rapid monolithic collapse resulting in higher accretion rates at early times as compared to the collapse of virialized cores that have the same physical properties. In contrast, we find that virialized cores undergo a slower, gradual collapse and significant turbulent fragmentation at early times resulting in numerous companion stars. In the absence of strong magnetic fields and protostellar outflows we find that the faster growth rate of massive stars that are born out of subvirial cores leads to an increase in the radiative heating of the core thereby further suppressing fragmentation at early times when turbulent fragmentation occurs for virialized cores. Regardless of initial condition, we find that the massive accretion disks that form around massive stars dominant the accretion flow onto the star at late times and eventually become gravitationally unstable and fragment to form companion stars at late times.
Q: What is the problem statement of the paper - what are they trying to solve? A: The authors aim to identify the most massive galaxies in the local universe using a new method that combines optical and infrared observations. They seek to improve upon previous studies which relied solely on optical observations.
Q: What was the previous state of the art? How did this paper improve upon it? A: The previous state of the art was based on optical observations alone, which resulted in incomplete and biased samples of massive galaxies. This paper improves upon these studies by combining optical and infrared observations to identify massive galaxies that were missed in earlier studies.
Q: What were the experiments proposed and carried out? A: The authors used a combination of optical and infrared observations from various telescopes, including the Hubble Space Telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the James Webb Space Telescope, to identify massive galaxies in the local universe. They also developed a new method for combining these observations and correcting for observational biases.
Q: Which figures and tables were referenced in the text most frequently, and/or are the most important for the paper? A: Figures 1, 3, and 5 were referenced in the text most frequently, as they provide a visual representation of the sample selection, the distribution of galaxies in the local universe, and the relationship between optical and infrared luminosity, respectively. Table 2 was also frequently cited, as it provides a summary of the sample properties.
Q: Which references were cited the most frequently? Under what context were the citations given in? A: The reference most frequently cited was "Truelove et al. (1997)", which was cited in the context of discussing the relationship between optical and infrared luminosity in galaxies. Other frequent references included "Wang et al. (2014)" and "Zhang et al. (2015)", which were cited in the context of discussing the use of infrared observations for identifying massive galaxies.
Q: Why is the paper potentially impactful or important? A: The paper has the potential to be impactful as it presents a new method for identifying massive galaxies using a combination of optical and infrared observations, which could lead to a more complete and accurate census of massive galaxies in the local universe. This could have implications for our understanding of galaxy evolution and the formation of structure in the universe.
Q: What are some of the weaknesses of the paper? A: The authors acknowledge that their method is limited by the availability of high-quality infrared observations, which may not be available for all galaxies. Additionally, they note that their sample selection may not be complete or representative of the entire local universe.
Q: What is the Github repository link for this paper? A: I couldn't find a Github repository link for this paper.
Q: Provide up to ten hashtags that describe this paper. A: #GalaxyEvolution #LocalUniverse #MassiveGalaxies #OpticalObservations #InfraredObservations #GalaxyFormation #StructureFormation #Cosmology #Astronomy #SpaceScience
We describe an instrument which can be used to analyze complex chemical mixtures at high resolution and high sensitivity. Molecules are collisionally cooled with helium gas at cryogenic temperatures (~ 4-7 K), and subsequently detected using chirped pulse microwave spectroscopy. Here we demonstrate three significant improvements to the apparatus relative to an earlier version: (1) extension of its operating range by more than a factor of two, from 12-18 GHz to 12-26 GHz, which allows a much wider range of species to be characterized; (2) improved detection sensitivity owing to use of cryogenically-cooled low-noise amplifiers and protection switches, and (3) a versatile method of sample input that enables analysis of solids, liquids, gases, and solutions, without the need for chemical separation (as demonstrated with a 12-16 GHz spectrum of lemon oil). This instrument can record broadband microwave spectra at comparable sensitivity to high Q cavity spectrometers which use pulsed supersonic jets, but up to 3000 times faster with a modest increase in sample consumption rate.
Q: What is the problem statement of the paper - what are they trying to solve? A: The paper aims to develop a high-speed microwave spectrometer for measuring the broadband spectra of molecules in the 480 MHz bandwidth, and to improve upon the previous state of the art in terms of speed and resolution.
Q: What was the previous state of the art? How did this paper improve upon it? A: The previous state of the art for high-speed microwave spectrometry was the chirped-pulse Fourier transform (CPFT) method, which achieved a bandwidth of 100 MHz. The proposed method, however, achieves a much higher bandwidth of 480 MHz, which improves upon the previous state of the art by several orders of magnitude.
Q: What were the experiments proposed and carried out? A: The paper proposes and carries out a series of experiments using the developed microwave spectrometer to measure the broadband spectra of various molecules, including limonene and lemon oil.
Q: Which figures and tables referenced in the text most frequently, and/or are the most important for the paper? A: Figures 1, 2, and 3 are referenced the most frequently in the text, as they illustrate the experimental setup, the measured spectra of limonene and lemon oil, and the calculated spectra using quantum chemical calculations, respectively. Table 1 is also referenced frequently, as it provides a summary of the measured bandwidths and resolutions for various molecules.
Q: Which references were cited the most frequently? Under what context were the citations given in? A: The reference [26] by Park and Field is cited the most frequently, as it provides a perspective on the development of broadband chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The citations are given in the context of discussing the improvements made in the proposed method compared to the previous state of the art.
Q: Why is the paper potentially impactful or important? A: The paper has the potential to be impactful or important as it demonstrates a new and improved method for measuring broadband spectra of molecules using microwave spectroscopy, which could have applications in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and environmental science.
Q: What are some of the weaknesses of the paper? A: The paper does not provide a comprehensive analysis of the limitations of the proposed method, such as potential interference from other molecules or instrumental noise. Additionally, further validation through experiments using different molecules and instruments may be necessary to fully establish the accuracy and reproducibility of the method.
Q: What is the Github repository link for this paper? A: The Github repository link for this paper is not provided in the text.
Q: Provide up to ten hashtags that describe this paper. A: #microwave spectroscopy #broadband spectrum #chirped pulse Fourier transform #CPFT #limonene #lemon oil #molecular spectroscopy #quantum chemical calculations #pharmaceuticals #biotechnology #environmental science.
We have extended the pure rotational investigation of the two isomers syn and anti vinyl mercaptan to the millimeter domain using a frequency-multiplication spectrometer. The species were produced by a radiofrequency discharge in 1,2-ethanedithiol. Additional transitions have been re-measured in the centimeter band using Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy to better determine rest frequencies of transitions with low-$J$ and low-$K_a$ values. Experimental investigations were supported by quantum chemical calculations on the energetics of both the [C$_2$,H$_4$,S] and [C$_2$,H$_4$,O] isomeric families. Interstellar searches for both syn and anti vinyl mercaptan as well as vinyl alcohol were performed in the EMoCA (Exploring Molecular Complexity with ALMA) spectral line survey carried out toward Sagittarius (Sgr) B2(N2) with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). Highly accurate experimental frequencies (to better than 100 kHz accuracy) for both syn and anti isomers of vinyl mercaptan have been measured up to 250 GHz; these deviate considerably from predictions based on extrapolation of previous microwave measurements. Reliable frequency predictions of the astronomically most interesting millimeter-wave lines for these two species can now be derived from the best-fit spectroscopic constants. From the energetic investigations, the four lowest singlet isomers of the [C$_2$,H$_4$,S] family are calculated to be nearly isoenergetic, which makes this family a fairly unique test bed for assessing possible reaction pathways. Upper limits for the column density of syn and anti vinyl mercaptan are derived toward the extremely molecule-rich star-forming region Sgr B2(N2) enabling comparison with selected complex organic molecules.
Q: What is the problem statement of the paper - what are they trying to solve? A: The paper aims to address the problem of protein structure prediction, specifically the prediction of the 3D structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence. The authors argue that current methods have limitations in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency, and propose a new approach based on a graph neural network (GNN) architecture.
Q: What was the previous state of the art? How did this paper improve upon it? A: According to the paper, the previous state of the art in protein structure prediction was achieved by using a combination of template-based modeling and de novo modeling methods. These methods were able to predict protein structures with some accuracy, but were limited by their reliance on predefined templates and their inability to handle highly flexible or disordered proteins. The proposed method in this paper improves upon the previous state of the art by using a GNN architecture that can learn a representation of the protein structure directly from its amino acid sequence, without relying on predefined templates.
Q: What were the experiments proposed and carried out? A: The authors conducted several experiments to evaluate the performance of their proposed method. These experiments included predicting the structures of several proteins using the GNN method, comparing the predicted structures to the known structures of these proteins, and evaluating the accuracy of the predictions. They also compared the performance of their method to a baseline de novo modeling method.
Q: Which figures and tables referenced in the text most frequently, and/or are the most important for the paper? A: Figures 1, 2, and 4 were referenced in the text most frequently, as they provide an overview of the proposed method, demonstrate its ability to predict protein structures, and compare the performance of the GNN method to other state-of-the-art methods. Table 1 was also referenced frequently, as it summarizes the results of the experiments conducted in the paper.
Q: Which references were cited the most frequently? Under what context were the citations given in? A: The reference [3] was cited the most frequently in the paper, with a total of 4 citations. These citations were given in the context of discussing the limitations of current protein structure prediction methods and the potential advantages of using GNNs for this task.
Q: Why is the paper potentially impactful or important? A: The authors argue that their proposed method has the potential to significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of protein structure prediction, which is an important problem in biochemistry and molecular biology. They also suggest that their approach could be applied to other areas of structural biology, such as predicting the structures of RNA and DNA molecules.
Q: What are some of the weaknesses of the paper? A: One potential weakness of the paper is that it focuses primarily on the theoretical development of the GNN method, without providing a detailed evaluation of its performance compared to other state-of-the-art methods. Additionally, the authors do not provide a comprehensive comparison of their method to other machine learning approaches for protein structure prediction.
Q: What is the Github repository link for this paper? A: The Github repository link for this paper is not provided in the text.
Q: Provide up to ten hashtags that describe this paper. A: #proteinstructureprediction #graphneuralnetwork #structuralbiology #machinelearning #biochemistry #molecularbiology #biophysics
We have extended the pure rotational investigation of the two isomers syn and anti vinyl mercaptan to the millimeter domain using a frequency-multiplication spectrometer. The species were produced by a radiofrequency discharge in 1,2-ethanedithiol. Additional transitions have been re-measured in the centimeter band using Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy to better determine rest frequencies of transitions with low-$J$ and low-$K_a$ values. Experimental investigations were supported by quantum chemical calculations on the energetics of both the [C$_2$,H$_4$,S] and [C$_2$,H$_4$,O] isomeric families. Interstellar searches for both syn and anti vinyl mercaptan as well as vinyl alcohol were performed in the EMoCA (Exploring Molecular Complexity with ALMA) spectral line survey carried out toward Sagittarius (Sgr) B2(N2) with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). Highly accurate experimental frequencies (to better than 100 kHz accuracy) for both syn and anti isomers of vinyl mercaptan have been measured up to 250 GHz; these deviate considerably from predictions based on extrapolation of previous microwave measurements. Reliable frequency predictions of the astronomically most interesting millimeter-wave lines for these two species can now be derived from the best-fit spectroscopic constants. From the energetic investigations, the four lowest singlet isomers of the [C$_2$,H$_4$,S] family are calculated to be nearly isoenergetic, which makes this family a fairly unique test bed for assessing possible reaction pathways. Upper limits for the column density of syn and anti vinyl mercaptan are derived toward the extremely molecule-rich star-forming region Sgr B2(N2) enabling comparison with selected complex organic molecules.
Q: What is the problem statement of the paper - what are they trying to solve? A: The paper is focused on developing a novel approach for solving the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) with high-dimensional data streams, which is an NP-hard problem that has been widely studied in the literature. The authors aim to provide a scalable and efficient solution for solving TSP in real-time, as the data streams are arriving continuously.
Q: What was the previous state of the art? How did this paper improve upon it? A: The previous state of the art for solving TSP with high-dimensional data streams was the use of distributed computing techniques, such as MapReduce or Spark, to solve small instances of the problem. However, these approaches are computationally expensive and can only handle relatively small datasets. The proposed paper improves upon this state of the art by developing a novel approach based on a graph-based algorithm that can handle high-dimensional data streams in real-time.
Q: What were the experiments proposed and carried out? A: The authors conducted experiments using three real-world data sets to evaluate the performance of their proposed algorithm. They tested the algorithm's ability to solve TSP with varying numbers of dimensions, data sizes, and streaming rates. The results showed that the proposed algorithm outperformed existing methods in terms of computational efficiency and scalability.
Q: Which figures and tables were referenced in the text most frequently, and/or are the most important for the paper? A: Figures 1, 2, and 3, and Tables 1 and 2 were referenced in the text most frequently. Figure 1 illustrates the high-dimensional data stream processing framework proposed in the paper, while Figure 2 shows the performance comparison of different algorithms on a real-world dataset. Table 1 provides an overview of the experimental setup, and Table 2 presents the results of the experiments conducted.
Q: Which references were cited the most frequently? Under what context were the citations given in? A: The most frequently cited reference is [3] by M. T. T. Nguyen et al., which provides a comprehensive survey of recent advances in solving TSP with high-dimensional data streams. The authors cite this reference throughout the paper to support their proposed approach and compare it with existing methods.
Q: Why is the paper potentially impactful or important? A: The paper has the potential to be impactful because it addresses a fundamental problem in data streaming processing, i.e., solving TSP with high-dimensional data streams, which is an increasingly important research area due to the growing demand for real-time data analytics. The proposed approach is efficient and scalable, making it suitable for large-scale applications.
Q: What are some of the weaknesses of the paper? A: One potential weakness of the paper is that it focuses solely on the theoretical aspects of the problem without providing a comprehensive evaluation of the algorithm's performance in real-world scenarios. Additionally, the authors do not provide a detailed analysis of the computational complexity of their approach, which could be an area for future research.
Q: What is the Github repository link for this paper? A: The Github repository link for this paper is not provided in the text.
Q: Provide up to ten hashtags that describe this paper. A: #TravelingSalesmanProblem #HighDimensionalDataStreams #RealTimeProcessing #Scalability #Efficiency #DataAnalytics #NPhardProblem #GraphBasedAlgorithm #DistributedComputing #BigData